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1 constructional area
площадь конструктивная
Суммарная площадь горизонтальных сечений вертикальных конструкций
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > constructional area
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2 constructional area
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3 area
1) участок, район, площадь, зона, территория; ареал2) площадка; внутренний двор•served by crane area — площадь, обслуживаемая краном
- area of base - area of bearing - area of building - area of explosion - area of force - area of grate - area of harmfulness - area of heavy use of water - area of indentation - area of influence - area of influence line - area of moments - area of passage - area of pile head - area of reinforcement - area of section - area of steel - area of structure - area of the supposed construction - area of water section - area of well influence - abandoned area - active drainage area - administrative area - analysis area - ancillary area - assembly area - auxiliary area - backward area - bearing area - bending moments area - blighted area - blind area - blind drainage area - bond area - building area - built-on area - built-up area - catchment area - children's play area - clearance area - closed drainaged area - collecting area - common area - compression area - concrete area - congested area - conservation area - constructional area - contact area - control area - cross-section area - cross-sectional area - dead area - decontamination area - deficit area - densely populated area - depressed area - development area - diffusion area - dormitory area - drain area - drainage area - drainless area - drinking water protective area - dry area - dumping area - ecological risk area - effective area of concrete - emitting area - erection area - exit area - filter area - filtration area - floor area - flow area - flues area - gross area - gross residential area - gross site area - ground area of dwelling structures - housing area - improvement area - industrial area - infiltrating area - influence area - inlet area - intake area - interstream area - irrigated area - living area - living area per capita - loaded area - marginal reception area - market area - metropolitan area - moment area - natural drainage area - neglected area - neighbourhood area - net area - net floor area - net residential area - non-attainment area - non-contributing area - non-permit area - parking area - parking area per vehicle - play area - poor reception area - protected area - public area - punching shear area - rain area - recharge area - recreation area - reduced area - reference area - reinforcing steel area - rentable area - reserved area - residential area - sampling area - sectional area - sectorial area - seepage area of well - seismicity of the area - service area - setting area - settlement area - shear area - shopping area - spoil area - steel area - surface area - total area - turnaround area - unbuilt area - underprivilege area - unit area - unit surface area - urban area - urbanised area - usable floor area - waste area - water-collecting area - water-producing area - water quality problem area - water-shed area - water-surface area - wilderness areato hand the area over to — передать участок (напр. в распоряжение подрядчика)
* * *1. площадь (помещения, поверхности, фигуры и т. п.)2. площадка3. внутренний двор4. пространство, зона5. приямок (напр. у окна подвального этажа)area under control — ж.-д. стрелочная зона
- area of bending moment diagramarea under the load-deformation curve — площадь, ограниченная (участком) кривой нагрузка — деформация
- area of contact
- areas of cut and fill
- area of economic influence
- area of flues
- area of influence
- area of load distribution
- area of loading
- area of operation
- area of planting
- area of pressure
- area of reinforcing steel
- area of steel
- area of water supply
- area of waterway
- area of well influence
- accommodation area
- acting area
- active drainage area
- actual area
- aerodrome movement area
- airport construction area
- approach area
- architectural area
- assisted area
- backwater area
- baggage break-down area
- basic floor area
- bearing area
- bearing area of a foundation
- blast area
- blighted area
- blight area
- blind area
- bond area
- building area
- build-up area
- catchment area
- clearance area
- comprehensive development area
- concreting area
- congested area
- conservation area
- construction area
- contact area
- core area
- critical runway area
- cross-sectional area
- dangerous area
- daylight area
- dead-leg area
- depressed area
- designated area
- designated development area
- developed area
- development area
- differential area
- diffusion area
- diked area
- discharge area
- disposal area
- distressed area
- downtown area
- drainage area
- dry area
- earthquake area
- effective area of an orifice
- effective area of concrete
- effective area of reinforcement
- environmental area
- extension area
- face area
- filter area
- fire area
- flooded area
- floor area
- flow area
- free area
- fringe area
- gross area
- gross floor area
- gross leasable area
- gross retail area
- hangar area
- hard-to-reach area
- heat transfer area
- honeycombed area
- improvement area
- industrial area
- infiltration area
- influence area
- intermediate area
- interstream area
- kern area
- landing area
- lateral area
- leveed area
- light ventilation area
- loaded area
- manufacturing area
- metropolitan area
- moment area
- net cross-sectional area
- net room area
- net sale area
- net site area
- net structural area
- nominal area
- nominal body area
- off-limits area
- off-street area
- off-street parking area
- open air exhibit area
- open storage area
- original cross-sectional area
- outlining area
- parking area
- passage area
- pile surface unit area
- plan area
- preferential urbanization area
- priority development area
- processing area
- profile area
- protected area
- protected built-up area
- public transportation area
- radiation restricted area
- receiving area
- recreational area
- redevelopment area
- reserved area
- residential area
- rest area
- restrict area
- restricted area
- room area
- runway safety area
- scenic area
- seasonally frozen area
- sectional area
- service area
- serviced area
- shearing area
- shooting area
- shopping area
- shopping core area
- slum area
- slum clearance area
- small area
- small built-up area
- soil area
- sports area
- staging area
- standard metropolitan statistical area
- storage area
- surface area
- swamp area
- take-off and landing area
- terminal control area
- tight work area
- total area of reinforcement
- touchdown area
- traffic movement area
- transportation area
- unbuilt area
- undershoot area
- undeveloped area
- unreachable area
- urban area
- usable floor area
- valve area
- warehouse area
- water protection area
- water supply area
- wetted area
- working area -
4 depth
1) глубина; метео горизонт измерения ( в океане)2) высота3) мощность, толщина (пласта; облачности)4) насыщенность ( цвета)•depth of application — гидр. поливная нормаdepth of approach — глубина подводящего руслаdepth of beam — высота( сечения) балкиdepth of bridge floor — строительная высота проезжей части мостаdepth of camber — стрела прогибаdepth of cloud — мощность( толщина) облакаdepth of cut — 1. глубина резания 2. лесн. высота пропилаdepth of drain — глубина осушительного канала; глубина заложения закрытого дренажаdepth of drawbar — сил. глубина погружения лодочкиdepth of guillotine — ширина полосы, отрезаемой на бумагорезальной машинеdepth of impression (of indentation) — глубина отпечатка ( при испытании на твёрдость)depth of modulation — глубина модуляции; коэффициент модуляцииdepth of nitration — глубина азотированного слоя, глубина азотированияdepth of penetration — 1. глубина проникновения 2. глубина заглубления (напр. рыхлителя)depth of runoff — слой стокаdepth of throat — 1. глубина зева ( в станине долбежного станка) 2. полезный вылет ( сварочной машины)-
adjustable recess depth
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aileron depth
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amidships depth
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available depth of reservoir
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barking depth
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burial depth
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case depth
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channel depth
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coating depth
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conjugated depths
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constructional depth
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controlling depth
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convection depth
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counterbore depth
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crack depth
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cutting depth
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diffusion depth
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digging depth
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diver depth
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drilling depth
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effective depth
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etch depth
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filling depth
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fine-detail modulation depth
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fluid bed depth
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focal depth
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freeboard depth
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frost-proof depth
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full-supply depth
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gap depth
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glass metal depth
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glass depth
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groove depth
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hardened case depth
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hardening depth
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hearth depth
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hole depth
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hydraulic mean depth
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immersion depth
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impact depth
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junction depth
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knockover depth
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light penetration depth
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lockout depth
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melt depth
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memory depth
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midships depth
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mining depth
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molded depth
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navigation depth
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notch depth
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Olsen cup depth
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operating water depth
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overall depth
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pattern area depth
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pit depth
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priming depth
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producing depth
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recording depth
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registered depth
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register depth
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reservoir depth
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scene depth
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seam depth
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setting depth
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skin depth
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slag depth
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snow depth
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standard depths
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stockline depth
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stripping depth
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structural depth
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target well depth
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thermocline depth
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tonnage depth
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tread depth
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true vertical well depth
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truss depth
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visual depth
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wearing depth
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web depth
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well contract depth
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well total depth
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well total vertical depth -
5 rate
1) разряд; сорт; класс2) степень; коэффициент (напр. жёсткости пружины)3) величина; скорость; темп; ход; интенсивность4) расход; производительность5) норма; тариф; расценка; цена6) местный налог, коммунальный налог7) определять (коэффициент, степень)8) оценивать; расценивать; составлять смету•- rate of air circulation - rate of application - rate of change - rate of combustion - rate of concrete placement - rate of concrete strain - rate of construction - rate of constructional production line - rate of cooling - rate of corrosion - rate of crack propagation - rate of creep - rate of curve - rate of customs duty - rate of cutting - rate of decay - rate of deposition - rate of discharge - rate of dosing - rate of evaporation - rate of exchange - rate of fall - rate of feed - rate of filter clogging - rate of floculation - rate of floor space - rate of foundation settlement - rate of freight - rate of grade - rate of hardening - rate of heating - rate of infiltration - rate of insertion - rate of insurance fees - rate of ionization - rate of load application - rate of loading - rate of national taxes - rate of outflow - rate of port dues - rate of pressure drop - rate of pressure rise - rate of progress of the construction work - rate of sedimentation - rate of sediment delivery - rate of setting - rate of slope - rate of spread - rate of static - rate of strain - rate of strength gain - rate of tension - rate of transportation charges - rate of turnover - rate of wages and salaries and charge on payroll - rate of water demand - rate of water loss - rate of wear - rate of work - acceptance rate - accident rate - ageing rate - backwash rate - coverage rate - damage rate - decay rate - discharge rate - dosing rate - erosion rate - failure rate - feed rate - filtering rate - flashing rate - flow rate - grinding rate - injection rate - load rate - manufacturer's rates - oxydation rate - power rates - precipitation rate - production rate - pulse rate - pulse repetition rate - rejection rate - rental rate - retail rate - room-occupancy rate - setting rate - settling rate - shear rate - stroking rate - uptake rate - wage rate - washout rate - wash-water rate - water rate - water contamination rate - water filtration rate - water supply rate - water use rate - wear rate* * *1. скорость; степень; темп; режим; интенсивность2. тариф3. производительность; норма4. класс; сорт5. показатель; параметр; коэффициент- rate of air circulation
- rate of application
- rate of change of stresses
- rate of combustion
- rate of concrete placement
- rate of consolidation
- rate of construction
- rate of damping
- rate of decomposition
- rate of development
- rate of dilution
- rate of elastic recovery
- rate of feed
- rate of filter clogging
- rate of foundation settlement
- rate of growth
- rate of hardening
- rate of heat liberation
- rate of heat transfer
- rate of hydration
- rate of infiltration
- rate of load application
- rate of loading
- rate of motion
- rate of pour
- rate of response
- rate of rise and fall
- rate of runoff
- rate of sediment delivery
- rate of setting
- rate of set
- rate of spread
- rate of strain
- rate of strength development
- rate of swelling
- rate of temperature rise
- rate of travel
- rate of water loss
- rate of water supply
- rate of wear
- rate of work
- rate of work done by one man
- accident rate
- accident death rate
- accident frequency rate
- air change rate
- air flow rate
- air leakage rate
- annual depletion rate
- burning rate
- contract rate
- coverage rate
- creep rate
- daily production rate
- discharge rate
- drift rate
- emission rate
- energy efficiency rate
- energy flow rate
- erection rate
- filtering rate
- flow rate
- free area rate
- heat flow rate
- high rates
- hour rate
- initial rate of absorption
- insurance premium rate
- labor rates
- leak rate
- loading rate
- low rate
- mass flow rate
- metabolic rate
- night rate
- occupancy rate
- occupation rate
- oxidation rate
- penetration rate
- piece rate
- placing rate
- premium rate
- production rate
- safe rate of lift
- settling rate
- sewage flow rate
- shear rate
- spraying rate
- spreading rate
- spring rate
- standard busy rate
- strain rate
- supply rate
- tap discharge rate
- time rate of consolidation
- ventilation rate
- water consumption rate
- water demand rate
- water filtration rate
- water use rate
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6 engineering
1. техника; технологияwelding engineering — сварочная техника; сварка
2. строительство3. проектирование; разработка; конструированиеarchitectural engineering — проектирование строительных конструкций; строительное проектирование зданий; разработка конструктивных решений зданий; разработка строительной части проекта
civil engineering — гражданское строительство; строительство зданий и сооружений
4. технические средства и методы охраны окружающей среды5. техника кондиционирования воздуха6. гидротехника7. гидротехническое строительство8. промышленное строительство9. организация производства на промышленных предприятияхjob engineering — организация труда, организация производства работ
piling engineering — свайное дело; проектирование и устройство свайных фундаментов
site engineering — геодезические работы на стройплощадке; строительная геодезия
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7 Gropius, Walter Adolf
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 18 May 1883 Berlin, Germanyd. 5 July 1969 Boston, USA[br]German co-founder of the modern movement of architecture.[br]A year after he began practice as an architect, Gropius was responsible for the pace-setting Fagus shoe-last factory at Alfeld-an-der-Leine in Germany, one of the few of his buildings to survive the Second World War. Today the building does not appear unusual, but in 1911 it was a revolutionary prototype, heralding the glass curtain walled method of non-load-bearing cladding that later became ubiquitous. Made from glass, steel and reinforced concrete, this factory initiated a new concept, that of the International school of modern architecture.In 1919 Gropius was appointed to head the new School of Art and Design at Weimar, the Staatliches Bauhaus. The school had been formed by an amalgamation of the Grand Ducal schools of fine and applied arts founded in 1906. Here Gropius put into practice his strongly held views and he was so successful that this small college, which trained only a few hundred students in the limited years of its existence, became world famous, attracting artists, architects and students of quality from all over Europe.Gropius's idea was to set up an institution where students of all the arts and crafts could work together and learn from one another. He abhorred the artificial barriers that had come to exist between artists and craftsmen and saw them all as interdependent. He felt that manual dexterity was as essential as creative design. Every Bauhaus student, whatever the individual's field of work or talent, took the same original workshop training. When qualified they were able to understand and supervise all the aesthetic and constructional processes that made up the scope of their work.In 1924, because of political changes, the Weimar Bauhaus was closed, but Gropius was invited to go to Dessau to re-establish it in a new purpose-built school which he designed. This group of buildings became a prototype that designers of the new architectural form emulated. Gropius left the Bauhaus in 1928, only a few years before it was finally closed due to the growth of National Socialism. He moved to England in 1934, but because of a lack of architectural opportunities and encouragement he continued on his way to the USA, where he headed the Department of Architecture at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design from 1937 to 1952. After his retirement from there Gropius formed the Architect's Collaborative and, working with other architects such as Marcel Breuer and Pietro Belluschi, designed a number of buildings (for example, the US Embassy in Athens (1960) and the Pan Am Building in New York (1963)).[br]Bibliography1984, Scope of Total Architecture, Allen \& Unwin.Further ReadingN.Pevsner, 1936, Pioneers of the Modern Movement: From William Morris to Walter Gropius, Penguin.C.Jenck, 1973, Modern Movements in Architecture, Penguin.H.Probst and C.Shädlich, 1988, Walter Gropius, Berlin: Ernst \& Son.DY -
8 Hansom, Joseph Aloysius
SUBJECT AREA: Land transport[br]b. 26 October 1803 York, Englandd. 29 June 1883 Fulham, London, England[br]English architect and inventor, originator of the Hansom cab.[br]In 1816 he was apprenticed to his father, who was a joiner. After a year his abilities in design and construction were so marked that it was decided that he would have more scope as an architect. He was accordingly apprenticed to a Mr Phillips in York, becoming a clerk to Phillips in 1820. While he served his time he also worked on his own account and taught at a night school. In 1825 he married Hannah Glover and settled in Halifax, where he became Assistant to another architect. In 1828 he became a partner of Edward Welch, with whom he built a number of churches in the north of England. He designed the Town Hall for Birmingham and was responsible for the constructional work until 1833, but he had to become bond because the builders caused him to become bankrupt. He was appointed Manager of the business affairs of Dempster Hemming of Caldicote Hall, which included the landed estates, banking and coal-mining. It was during this period that he designed the "Patent Safety Cab" named after him and popular in Victorian days. The safety element consisted in lowering the centre of gravity by the use of the cranked axle. Hansom sold his rights for £10,000 to a company proposing to exploit the patent, but he was never paid, for the company got into difficulties; Hansom became its temporary Manager in 1839 and put matters right, for which he was paid £300, all he ever made out of the Hansom Cab. In 1842 he brought out the first issue of The Builder, but lack of capital caused him to retire from the journal. He devoted himself from then on to domestic and ecclesiastical architecture, designing many churches, colleges, convents and schools all over Britain and even in Australia and South America. Of note is St Walburga's church, Preston, Lancashire, whose spire is 306 ft (93 m) high. At various times he was in partnership with his younger brother, his eldest son, and with E.W.Pugin with whom he had a disagreement. He was a Catholic and much of his work was for the Catholic Church.[br]Further Reading1882, The Builder (8 July).1882, Illustrated London News (15 July).IMcNBiographical history of technology > Hansom, Joseph Aloysius
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9 Hennébique, François
[br]b. 25 April 1842 Neuville-Saint-Vaast, near Arras, Franced. 20 March 1921 Paris, France[br]French engineer who contributed to the development of reinforced concrete.[br]Hennébique was an important leader in experimenting with various ways of reinforcing concrete with iron and steel. He set up his own firm in 1867, so acquiring valuable experience in the number of commissions that he carried out when using this material. He patented his own invention in 1892; this was for a method of using hooked connections for reinforcing-bars of iron and steel. England lagged behind France in developing the use of reinforced concrete as a structural material: it was Hennébique who was most influential in changing this situation. He had used his new method of reinforcement in the construction of the Spinning Mills at Tourcoing in France in 1895, and he was commissioned by Weaver \& Co., who wished to build a new flour mill in Swansea: the mill was completed in 1898. Soon after, both Hennébique and Coignet established London offices for developing their constructional techniques in England.[br]Further ReadingLe Béton armé 1898–1921 (monthly journal published by the Hennébique Company in Paris).P.Collins, 1959, Concrete: A Vision of a New Architecture (a study of Auguste Perret and his predecessors), Faber.C.C.Stanley, 1979, Highlights in the History of Concrete, Cement and Concrete Association.DY -
10 Hornby, Frank
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]b. 15 May 1863 Liverpool, Englandd. 21 September 1936 Liverpool, England[br]English toy manufacturer and inventor of Meccano kits.[br]Frank Hornby left school at the age of 16 and worked as a clerk, at first for his father, a provision merchant, and later for D.H.Elliott, an importer of meat and livestock, for whom he became Managing Clerk. As a youth he was interested in engineering and in his own small workshop he became a skilled amateur mechanic. He made toys for his children and c.1900 he devised a constructional toy kit consisting of perforated metal strips which could be connected by bolts and nuts. He filed a patent application in January 1901 and, having failed to interest established toy manufacturers, he set up a small business in partnership with his employer, D.H. Elliott, who provided financial support. The kits were sold at first under the name of Mechanics Made Easy, but by 1907 the name Meccano had been registered as a trade mark. The business expanded rapidly and in 1908 Elliott withdrew from the partnership and Hornby continued on his own account, the company being incorporated as Meccano Ltd. Although parts for Meccano were produced at first by various manufacturers, Hornby soon acquired premises to produce all the components under his own control, and between 1910 and 1913 he established his own factory on a 5-acre (2-hectare) site at Binn's Road, Liverpool. The Meccano Magazine, a monthly publication with articles of general engineering interest, developed from a newsletter giving advice on the use of Meccano, and from the first issue in 1916 until 1924 was edited by Frank Hornby. In 1920 he introduced the clockwork Hornby trains, followed by the electric version five years later. These were gauge "0" (1 1/4 in./32 mm); the smaller gauge "00", or Hornby Dublo, was a later development. Another product of Meccano Ltd was the series of model vehicles known as Dinky toys, introduced in 1934.Frank Hornby served as a Member of Parliament for the Everton Division of Liverpool from 1931 to 1935.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMP, 1931–5.Further ReadingD.J.Jeremy (ed.), 1984–6, Dictionary of Business Biography, Vol. 3, London, 345–9 (a useful biography).Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 127(1934):140–1 (describes the Binn's Road factory).RTS -
11 Li Jie (Li Chieh)
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]fl. 1085–1110 China[br]Chinese architect who revised the Chinese treatise on architectural method, Ying Zao Fa Shi.[br]He was a first-rate architect and from 1092 was an assistant in the Directorate of Buildings and Construction. He must have shown promise as an architect for he was commissioned to revise the old manuals of architecture. The work was completed in 1100 and printed three years later as the treatise for which he is best known, the Ying Zao Fa Shi (Treatise on Architectural Method). This work has been called the greatest and definitive treatise of any age in the millennial tradition of Chinese architecture. The work is noted for the comprehensive range of constructions covered and the thoroughness of its instruction to architects. The detailed instructions for the construction and shaping of woodwork are not found in European literature until the eighteenth century. The illustrations are fine and the excellence of the constructional drawings makes them the earliest working drawings. He was a distinguished practising builder, as well as a writer, for he erected administrative offices, palace apartments, gates and gate towers, together with the ancestral temples of the Sung dynasty as well as Buddhist temples.[br]Further ReadingJ.Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965, Vols IV. 2, pp. 49, 549, 551; 1971, IV. 3, pp. 84–5, 107.LRD -
12 Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 27 March 1886 Aachen, Germanyd. 17 August 1969 Chicago, USA[br]German architect, third of the great trio of long-lived, second-generation modernists who established the international style in the inter-war years and brought it to maturity (See Jeanneret (Le Corbusier) and Gropius).[br]Mies van der Rohe was the son of a stonemason and his early constructional training came from his father. As a young man he gained experience of the modern school from study of the architecture of the earlier leaders, notably Peter Behrens, Hendrik Berlage and Frank Lloyd Wright. He commenced architectural practice in 1913 and soon after the First World War was establishing his own version of modern architecture. His building materials were always of the highest quality, of marble, stone, glass and, especially, steel. He stripped his designs of all extraneous decoration: more than any of his contemporaries he followed the theme of elegance, functionalism and an ascetic concentration on essentials. He believed that architectural design should not look backwards but should reflect the contemporary achievement of advanced technology in both its construction and the materials used, and he began early in his career to act upon these beliefs. Typical was his early concrete and glass office building of 1922, after which, more importantly, came his designs for the German Pavilion at the Barcelona Exposition of 1929. These designs included his famous Barcelona chair, made from chrome steel and leather in a geometrical design, one which has survived as a classic and is still in production. Another milestone was his Tugendhat House in Brno (1930), a long, low, rectilinear structure in glass and steel that set a pattern for many later buildings of this type. In 1930 Mies followed his colleagues as third Director of the Bauhaus, but due to the rise of National Socialism in Germany it was closed in 1933. He finally left Germany for the USA in 1937, and the following year he took up his post as Director of Architecture in Chicago at what is now known as the Illinois Institute of Technology and where he remained for twenty years. In America Mies van der Rohe continued to develop his work upon his original thesis. His buildings are always recognizable for their elegance, fine proportions, high-quality materials and clean, geometrical forms; nearly all are of glass and steel in rectangular shapes. The structure and design evolved according to the individual needs of each commission, and there were three fundamental types of design. One type was the single or grouped high-rise tower, built for apartments for the wealthy, as in his Lake Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago (1948–51), or for city-centre offices, as in his Seagram Building in New York (1954–8, with Philip Johnson) or his Chicago Federal Centre (1964). Another form was the long, low rectangle based upon the earlier Tugendhat House and seen again in the New National Gallery in Berlin (1965–8). Third, there were the grouped schemes when the commission called for buildings of varied purpose on a single, large site. Here Mies van der Rohe achieved a variety and interest in the different shapes and heights of buildings set out in spatial harmony of landscape. Some examples of this type of scheme were housing estates (Lafayette Park Housing Development in Detroit, 1955–6), while others were for educational, commercial or shopping requirements, as at the Toronto Dominion Centre (1963–9).[br]Further ReadingL.Hilbersheimer, 1956, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Chicago: P.Theobald.Peter Blake, 1960, Mies van der Rohe, Architecture and Structure, Penguin, Pelican. Arthur Drexler, 1960, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, London: Mayflower.Philip Johnson, 1978, Mies van der Rohe, Seeker and Warburg.DYBiographical history of technology > Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig
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13 Wren, Sir Christopher
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 20 October 1632 East Knoyle, Wiltshire, Englandd. 25 February 1723 London, England[br]English architect whose background in scientific research and achievement enhanced his handling of many near-intractable architectural problems.[br]Born into a High Church and Royalist family, the young Wren early showed outstanding intellectual ability and at Oxford in 1654 was described as "that miracle of a youth". Educated at Westminster School, he went up to Oxford, where he graduated at the age of 19 and obtained his master's degree two years later. From this time onwards his interests were in science, primarily astronomy but also physics, engineering and meteorology. While still at college he developed theories about and experimentally solved some fifty varied problems. At the age of 25 Wren was appointed to the Chair of Astronomy at Gresham College in London, but he soon returned to Oxford as Savilian Professor of Astronomy there. At the same time he became one of the founder members of the Society of Experimental Philosophy at Oxford, which was awarded its Royal Charter soon after the Restoration of 1660; Wren, together with such men as Isaac Newton, Robert Hooke, John Evelyn and Robert Boyle, then found himself a member of the Royal Society.Wren's architectural career began with the classical chapel that he built, at the request of his uncle, the Bishop of Ely, for Pembroke College, Cambridge (1663). From this time onwards, until he died at the age of 91, he was fully occupied with a wide and taxing variety of architectural problems which he faced in the execution of all the great building schemes of the day. His scientific background and inventive mind stood him in good stead in solving such difficulties with an often unusual approach and concept. Nowhere was this more apparent than in his rebuilding of fifty-one churches in the City of London after the Great Fire, in the construction of the new St Paul's Cathedral and in the grand layout of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich.The first instance of Wren's approach to constructional problems was in his building of the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford (1664–9). He based his design upon that of the Roman Theatre of Marcellus (13–11 BC), which he had studied from drawings in Serlio's book of architecture. Wren's reputation as an architect was greatly enhanced by his solution to the roofing problem here. The original theatre in Rome, like all Roman-theatres, was a circular building open to the sky; this would be unsuitable in the climate of Oxford and Wren wished to cover the English counterpart without using supporting columns, which would have obscured the view of the stage. He solved this difficulty mathematically, with the aid of his colleague Dr Wallis, the Professor of Geometry, by means of a timber-trussed roof supporting a painted ceiling which represented the open sky.The City of London's churches were rebuilt over a period of nearly fifty years; the first to be completed and reopened was St Mary-at-Hill in 1676, and the last St Michael Cornhill in 1722, when Wren was 89. They had to be rebuilt upon the original medieval sites and they illustrate, perhaps more clearly than any other examples of Wren's work, the fertility of his imagination and his ability to solve the most intractable problems of site, limitation of space and variation in style and material. None of the churches is like any other. Of the varied sites, few are level or possess right-angled corners or parallel sides of equal length, and nearly all were hedged in by other, often larger, buildings. Nowhere is his versatility and inventiveness shown more clearly than in his designs for the steeples. There was no English precedent for a classical steeple, though he did draw upon the Dutch examples of the 1630s, because the London examples had been medieval, therefore Roman Catholic and Gothic, churches. Many of Wren's steeples are, therefore, Gothic steeples in classical dress, but many were of the greatest originality and delicate beauty: for example, St Mary-le-Bow in Cheapside; the "wedding cake" St Bride in Fleet Street; and the temple diminuendo concept of Christ Church in Newgate Street.In St Paul's Cathedral Wren showed his ingenuity in adapting the incongruous Royal Warrant Design of 1675. Among his gradual and successful amendments were the intriguing upper lighting of his two-storey choir and the supporting of the lantern by a brick cone inserted between the inner and outer dome shells. The layout of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich illustrates Wren's qualities as an overall large-scale planner and designer. His terms of reference insisted upon the incorporation of the earlier existing Queen's House, erected by Inigo Jones, and of John Webb's King Charles II block. The Queen's House, in particular, created a difficult problem as its smaller size rendered it out of scale with the newer structures. Wren's solution was to make it the focal centre of a great vista between the main flanking larger buildings; this was a masterstroke.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1673. President, Royal Society 1681–3. Member of Parliament 1685–7 and 1701–2. Surveyor, Greenwich Hospital 1696. Surveyor, Westminster Abbey 1699.Surveyor-General 1669–1712.Further ReadingR.Dutton, 1951, The Age of Wren, Batsford.M.Briggs, 1953, Wren the Incomparable, Allen \& Unwin. M.Whinney, 1971, Wren, Thames \& Hudson.K.Downes, 1971, Christopher Wren, Allen Lane.G.Beard, 1982, The Work of Sir Christopher Wren, Bartholomew.DY -
14 cumulative risk
1.накопленный рискnear zero risk — околонулсвой риск; пренебрежимо малый риск
third party risk — риск, которому подвергается третье лицо
risk targets — целевые уровни риска; заданные уровни риска
2.кумулятивный риск; накопленный рискEnglish-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > cumulative risk
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15 power center
главный распределительный щит (ГРЩ)
Распределительный щит, через который снабжается электроэнергией все здание или его обособленная часть. Роль ГРЩ может выполнять ВРУ или щит низкого напряжения подстанции.
[ПУЭ]
главный распределительный щит
Электрощит в здании, обеспечивающий распределение энергии между подключенными к нему нагрузками и включение аварийных систем при падении напряжения.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 3-99 ( МЭК 60439-3-90)]
[ ГОСТ Р 50571.28-2006]EN
main distribution board
board in the building which fulfils all the functions of a main electrical distribution for the supply building area assigned to it and where the voltage drop is measured for operating the safety services
[IEC 60364-7-710, ed. 1.0 (2002-11)]FR
tableau général de distribution
tableau de distribution dans le bâtiment remplissant toutes les fonctions d’un tableau général de distribution pour l’alimentation de la zone qui lui est dédiée et où la chute de tension est mesurée pour le fonctionnement des services de sécurité
[IEC 60364-7-710, ed. 1.0 (2002-11)]
Главный распределительный щит (ГРЩ) на ток 6300 А
[http://www.uzoelectro.ru/catalogue/group-383/product-36465/ ]Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
- электроснабжение в целом
- электроустановки
Синонимы
EN
- feeder switchboard
- m.s.b.
- main distributing frame
- main distribution board
- main distribution switchboard
- Main Low Voltage Switchboard
- main low-voltage distribution switchboard
- main switchboard
- MLVS
- MSB
- power center
FR
комплектное устройство первичного распределения электроэнергии
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[Интент]
Рис. ABBПараллельные тексты EN-RU
They are usually installed on the load side of MV/LV transformers or generators.
These assemblies include one or more incoming units, bus ties and a relatively reduced number of outgoing units.
There are also present measuring instruments and other switching and control equipment.
These assemblies have a sturdy structure to withstand the electrodynamic stresses and the weight of big sized apparatus.
As a matter of fact peculiar characteristics of the power center are high rated currents and shortcircuit currents.
The constructional type is a cubicle structure, with metal enclosure and sections divided into compartments with selective access.
[ABB]Такие устройства обычно подключают на стороне нагрузки СВ/НВ трансформаторов или генераторов.
В их состав входят один или несколько блоков ввода, шины и относительно небольшое число блоков вывода.
В состав комплектного устройства первичного распределения электроэнергии входят также измерительные приборы, коммутационные устройства и средства контроля состояния.
Данные комплектные устройства имеют прочную конструкцию, способную выдерживать электродинамическое действие токов и вес крупногабаритной аппаратуры.
Центры распределения электроэнергии характеризуются высокими номинальным током и током короткого замыкания.
С точки зрения конструктивного исполнения они представляют собой многошкафное комплектное устройство в металлической оболочке, состоящее из секций, каждая из которых разделена на отсеки с независимым доступом.
[Перевод Интент]Safety enclosed boards are used for most new installations. Common terms used to designate equipment of this type are metal-enclosed switchgear and metal-clad switchgear.
Most safety enclosed boards are of the unit or sectional type. They consist of a combination of the desired number and type of standardized unit sections.
Each section is a standard factory-assembled combination of a formed steel panel and apparatus mounted on a steel framework.
Safety enclosed switchgear may be classified with respect to purpose of application as follows:
1. General medium- or high-voltage switchgear
2. Primary unit substations
3. Rectifier unit substations
4. Secondary unit substations or power centers
5. General low-voltage switchgear
6. Low-voltage distribution switchboards
7. Motor-control-center switchboards
[American electricians’ handbook]Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
- комплектное распред. устройство (КРУ)
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > power center
См. также в других словарях:
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